Friday, June 15, 2012

Concept of Language Learning


Concept of Language Learning

            There are five main issues to discuss concerning about the concept of language learning. They are psychological approach to language and learning,
development of psychological perspective in language teaching: a selective review, methods of second language learning and the concept of proficiency, learner factors, and conditions of learning and the learning process.
14.       Psychological approaches to language and learning
            The approach of language learning is discussed much in psychology because it talks much the relationship between the language learner and the process of language learning. The process what happens in one’s mind and brain when he/she learns a language is the concern of psychology in language learning.

Language in psychology
            The discussion of language in psychology is elaborated in the followings:
·         Before World War I
·         The interwar period
·         After world War II
·         Skinner and Chomsky
·         The study of language comprehension and production
·         Language acquisition in childhood
In short, studying the language in psychology, psycholinguistics, later on dealing with two main questions: What does it mean to know a language ?
How does a child acquire a language?

The psychology of learning
            The psychological events to one who is doing learning are approached in two main ways:
1.      The theoretical and experimental study of learning
Theories are studied and applied in the forms of experimental study. A popular experiment was done by Skinner with pigeon. It was well known as Skinner operant conditioning and  the  teaching machine.
2.      The empirical study of learning in individual setting
It studied what happened with one who learned a language and what were the obstacle an difficulties faced by them.

Concept of learning in educational psychology
            The psychology of learning commonly refers to formal educational activities, mainly characteristics of  the learner and individual differences among learners (abilities, personality, attitudes, and motivation), different kinds of learning, the learning process, and outcomes of learning.
Ø  In terms of the learner characteristics, the frequent factors presented are the influence of age and maturity on mental development and learning, the effect of heredity and environment on abilities and achievement, specific aptitudes for particular learning task, and the influence of home and community on motivation and attitude.
Ø  The different kinds of learning have been usually expressed in to three major categories, they are:
·         Conceptual and verbal learning
·         Skill learning
·         Affective and social learning
All the three categories above are used in defining the educational objectives. They are more commonly known in term of the three categories: cognition, skill, and affect.
Ø  To understand the how the learning and the learning process, distinctions have been introduced. One of them is the time-scale of learning. It may be different the learning of infancy and adult. It may also be different the first learning the first language and the second learning the second language.
Ø  The needs of assessing the outcome of learning results in the development of tests of achievement and proficiency.

The main emphasized discussion on the language learning and psychology are the psychology of language and the psychology of learning. However, still there are many areas of psychology have very close relationship to study. Some of the are child psychology, social psychology, etc. It is obvious that in descriptive study of language, the making of pedagogical grammars, curriculum development, the expression of objectives, teaching procedures, and the organization of language teaching in educational systems all need psychological aspects.
                       



           
           
           

An Analysis of a Film "Gifted Hands"

An Analysis of a Film

 “Gifted Hands”
By Thomas Carter


  1. Setting
Setting of Place                      : The John Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Detroit,
Psychiatric Hospital, Aristotele Epicteus  Library,
 Yale University 
Setting of Time                      : 1961-1987
A Socio-cultural Setting        : A modern life. The film tells the story of a
                                                  successful neurosurgeon. Modern techniques of
  operation are applied by using modern health
  equipment and tools.

  1. Character and Characterization
Main Character                     :
Dr. Ben Carson: He is a well-known neurosurgeon who has been successful in conducting operation to his patents.  He likes classical music. He is smart. He is an orphan. However, did not have good achievement when he was in the elementary school. He was high-tempered boy. Yet he showed a high achievement when he was in the Senior High School and in the University. He is the main character as the whole film tells the life of Ben Carson. It tells his story when he was a boy up to he becomes a well-known doctor.
Supporting Character          : 
Sonya Carson: She is Ben’s mother. She is a tough mother. She struggles for her two sons. She is good in religion and she teaches her sons to be faith to God.
Candy Carson: She is Ben’s girl friend and later on becomes Ben’s wife. She is smart. She helps Ben when they were in Yale University.
Curtis: He is Ben’s older brother.
Peter and Augusta Rausch: They are German parents of babies of
twins conjoined at the head who asked Ben to have their babies
operated safely.
There are still many others supporting characters in this film, such as
 the director and the doctors the nurses of the John Hopkins
Hospital, the journalists, as well as Ben’s school mates etc.

  1. Plot
Exposition      :The story began in 1987 when Dr. Ben Carson had
  to operate babies of twins conjoined at the head.
Complication: The problem started when Ben Carson is in an anxiety whether he
  has to conduct the operation to the twins with all the risks or not.
  The he searches for the references to convince himself of what he
  is going to do.
Crisis              :The crisis happened when Ben conducts his operation to the twins
                          of conjoined head. The operation which took place for hours by
  stopping the work of the babies’ hearts makes Ben and the parents
  of the twins are in a very hopeless condition, in much anxiety.
Falling Action: The operation finally succeeds. The twins can be separated and
                           both are safe.  
Resolusion      : Ben are congratulated by the director of the hospital and his
                          colleagues. His mother and wife see and welcome as well as
                          congratulate him. Then many journalists are waiting for Ben to
  have press conference.
  This film applies the close plot in which the story finally closes at
  the success of the main character. Everything finally lasts in a
   happy ending.
   However, the film also applies the flashback where after the
   exposition it tells the past life of the main character. Finally it goes
   back to the main story.
   The middle of the film tells:
Ø  Ben when he was in his elementary school. He was not good at the subjects.
Ø  Then it is told about Ben’s teen life and when he is in high school. Next,  we know Ben when he was in Yale University.
Ø  After that the film tells about Ben when he applies for the job as a doctor at John Hopkins Hospital. It is continued by Ben’s experience as a surgeon which is not always interesting and exciting.
Ø  Finally, the film goes back to the early story on Ben’s duty to
operate the babies of twins conjoined at the head. It is finally
known that Ben’s operation is successful. Both of the babies are  saved. Everyone is happy.

  1. Point of View: The film applies the Omniscient Point of View in which the
                          narrator/story teller is outside of the work.

  1. Symbol           : Love, sadness, struggle, hopelessness, the trust in God, happiness
  Ben’s family live in the love of each other, even he loves his
  girlfriend then (becomes) his wife much.
  Ben’s mother is in deep sadness thinking about him, so she
   consults the psychiatric.
   Ben struggled for his success to be a good doctor/surgeon. He
   undergoes many bad experiences in his struggle.
   Hopeless is undergone by the characters in this film because of the
   challenging works done by Ben.
    As his mother always teaches, Ben always trusts God. He has a
    principle that there must be a miracle because of God. Even, in a
    very sad situation because he lost his babies in his wife
     pregnancy.
     Finally, what Ben does makes everything ends in  very exciting
      results. He succeeds as a neurosurgeon.

  1. Tone               : Touching and deep trust in God
   What Ben underwent when he was in an elementary school makes
   us feel touch because Ben always felt ashamed because of his
   friends action. In addition, Ben’ success when he was in the Senior
   High School and in the university also make us touched because
   No one thinks that Ben can be as successful as that.

7.                                                      Theme            : Family Life
  This film specifically tells about the life of a small
   family of Ben. It tells Ben’s life when he was a child up to he is a
   very popular neurosurgeon. There are Ben’s mother and brother as
   well as Ben’s wife.

8.                                                      Message          : We should do better than others and the best to achieve our goals
  and we should be in the best trust to God for He will gives his
  miracle to us.

  1. Comment       : This story is written based on the life story of Dr. Benjamin
                          “Bennie” Carson. This is such a film that may inspire us to pursue
                           our ideal, our goal in the life. It also teaches us to be in high trust
                           to God. God does not sleep or even die. We have to do our best,
   however, we have to realize that the final decision is God’
   privilege. It is a very good film to watch so that we can realize that
   we are nothing compares to God.
   Gifted Hands” is used for the title of this film in order that
   indicates the one (Carson), the owner of the hands has a privilege
   given naturally that whatever he does is always done successfully,
   of course because of God. God gives something special to him.
 
           
  1.  Summary/Synopsis

The story tells us about the life a well-known neurosurgeon Dr. Ben Carson. The film begins in 1987. Dr. Ben Carson is going to have a very risky operation.
            He has patients of a couple, Peter and Augusta Rausch who have twins conjoined at
            the head. Ben realizes that operating such babies is at a high risk because both will
            be at risk. Usually one baby always dies in situations like that. Ben agrees to do the
            the operation. Yet, he needs to wait for four months so he can have a plan to save
            them both.
                        While Ben is looking into some of his books, the film flashes back to the
            year 1961 where an 11 old Ben Carsen starts his life as an African American child
            of a single parent home. He failed in his grades at school. Ben has an older brother,
            Curtis. At the same time Ben’s mother has to check herself to a psychiatrist  to
            solve her mental problem. Ben’s mother sees that her son’s success is hindered by
            television, so she decides to schedule Ben’s time of watching TV. Ben and his
            brother shows great interest in watching quiz show. Ben’s mother also asks them to
            read books from the library.
                        Ben wants to be a doctor in the future. His mother tells him that it can come
 true if Ben does his best. It turns out that Ben shows much development in his study. However, he begins to show bad temper. Ben almost hits his mom with a hammer and almost kills his best friend as a teenager. His friend was saved because the knife Ben used hit the buckle of his belt. Having done foolish things, Ben realizes that he cannot do anything on it. He hastens to his room and cries for begging God’s forgiveness.
            Ben became the top student in the eighth grade. Then he got the third rank in his high school, and he got scholarship to a college. In his medical school, he meets his girlfriend, Candy. One day when he was in a hard struggle for his study, she helps him and finally Ben passes of A.
            In 1976, Ben Carson starts his work at John Hopkins Hospital after having test and interview. Here he experienced an operation not under permission and supervision which may risk his medical carrier to save man’s life. In 1985 he saves a girl’s life of an operation to cure her seizures. It is then showed in the film that finally Candy get her pregnancy of twins. Yet, she losses the babies from blooding. It is known when they get up in the morning in bed. Ben’s mother then moves in with Ben’s family.
            The film, then, goes back to the time when it began, in 1987. Finally Ben is sure about what to do in operating the twins conjoined at the head. He can manage to do the operation successfully.  Then, God blesses the babies and Ben. Both the babies are saved. Ben is successful.
             

An Analysis of a Sort Story "A Grave Problem"


An Analysis of a Short Story

 “A Grave Problem”
Written by Teruko Hyuga


1.      Setting
Setting of Place                      : The story takes places in Japan, Temple,
                                                  Home, Kimono Shop, and in an Auto Repair Shop.
Setting of Time                      : in winter
Socio-cultural Setting            : Modern society in which the people still hold the
  traditional value and principles.

2.      Character and Characterization
Main Character         :
§  Mrs. Hata: He is the late Kizo’s wife. She is a tolerant, permissive, and strong woman. She is the main character because she takes the most part in the story. She is the protagonist character. She symbolizes the right part of the side. She is patient and tough in facing all the problems of her life.
            Supporting Character          :
§  The Priest: He was a good one who worked in a traditional temple. However, he became greedy. He was the antagonist character.
§  Haruo:  He is Mr. Keizo and Mrs. Hata’s son. He is young, smart, and diligent.
§  Masako: She is Keizo’s sister. Mrs. Hata got much help from her in facing and solving the problems.
§  Mr. Akagi: He is the owner of the kimono shop. He was Keizo’ friend who became unkind after Keizo’s death.
§  Mr. Noma: He is the owner of an auto repair shop. He was also Keizo’s friend. He also became mean after Keizo’s death.


3.      Plot
Exposition      : Paragraph 1 (the introduction of the story). By reading the first
  paragraph we know some parts of the story includes the characters,
  I (Mrs. Hata), the priest. We also the places where the story
  happens like in the temple and at home.
            Complication : Started from the second paragraph, some problems faced by
  Mrs. Hata.
            Crisis              : The crisis happens when Mr. Nome directly wanted Hata to pay.
            Falling Action: Mrs. Hata paid Mr. Noma some amount of money as it should be.
            Resolution      : Almost at the end of the story we know that finally Mrs. Hata
                                      realizes that everything has changed after Keizo’ death. However,
                                      she is persistent to face her life as it is. She is prepared for
                                      everything.
  The writer’s story applies Close Plot. It is known that finally Mrs.
  Hata, the main character realized that everything has changed after
  Keizo’s death. Consequently, she has to be able to face her life
  problem although it gets harder. Yet, her son, Haruo is always
  withher mother, Mrs. Hata to face the problems of their life
  preparedly.
  The story also applies the Flashback in which the writer presents
  the story stated by the events at present and later presents back the
  happenings in the past.
The writer presents the following events:
*      The preparation or plan made by Keizo for his son, Haruo.
*      How Keizo passed away.
*      How Keizo was when he was still alive.
*      Who and how Keizo’s friends when he was alive.

4.      Point of View: The story writer applies omniscient point of view in which
   the narrator is outside the work.

5.      Symbol          :  Grave symbolizes the change and sadness of life.
   It is something that makes us feel sad and in problems.
6.      Tone              :  It presents sympathetic and ironical fact as well as situation.

7.      Theme           : Human relationship
  The relationship among the priest, Mrs. Hata, Haruo, Kimono’s
   shop, Keizo’s  friends etc.

8.      Message         : We should realize that problems may come anytime, anywhere,
   and to anyone because life is a problem even when we die still we
   cause problems to others.

9.      Comment
This short story has a very good coda for us. Consciously or not, we have to
be always in an alert condition in our life. We have to be able to learn everything in our daily life. Problems may come to us anytime and anywhere. Life is a problem. Since we are alive, we must be ready for problems. Because of the good moral value, this story is appropriately appreciated, and learnt.

10.  Summary
Mrs. Hata was in a confusion when the priest of the temple where all her family
had been buried asked her to move them to other temple. In case that she has not been able to move them, she has to pay the priest 800¥. Mrs. Hata tried to get the amount of money she needed. It was not a little amount of money for her to get. By selling her kimonos she hoped that she could solve the problem. However, Mr. Akagi, the kimono buyer gave her low price. Mrs. Hata agreed but she would take the kimono back when she got money. A friend of Mrs. Hata, Masako took other kimono and she got high price. By having enough money, Mrs. Hata and Masako paid Mr. Akagi again and they took the kimono back. Then they went to the priest to pay for the grave. They negotiated. After such a long bargain, finally Hata paid the priest 550¥. In the evening, after dinner, Mrs. Hata accompied Haruo, her , to fix the TV to the repair counter. Unfortunately, on the way home, they got an accident. They took the broken car to Keizo’s best friend, Mr. Noma, the auto repair shop owner, in the hope that they could pay the expense in ease. However, to Mrs. Hata’s surprise, Mr. Noma asked her to pay right at the moment.  She paid Mr. Noma.
            Finally, Mrs. Hata realized that her life became harder and more difficult after her husband’s death. To face her new condition of life she had to be much tougher and stronger. Everything was out of her imagination after the death of Keizo, her husband.